The passing of Pope Francis on April 21, 2025, brought to a close a notable period in the history of the Catholic Church. Serving since 2013, Francis had become a globally recognized figure for his outreach to the poor, his reform-minded leadership, and his focus on environmental stewardship. Following his death, the Church entered the traditional period of sede vacante — the vacancy of the Apostolic See — setting in motion the canonical procedures to elect his successor.
Though modern conclaves are typically brief, the 2025 gathering of cardinals was marked by deep internal divisions and growing questions about the direction of Church leadership. Nevertheless, the process concluded with the selection of a new pontiff who is seen as both a spiritual bridge and a sign of continuity in uncertain times.
Preparations Before the Conclave
Once Pope Francis’s death was officially confirmed, Cardinal Kevin Farrell, serving as Camerlengo, initiated the standard procedures to manage the Church's affairs during the interregnum. One of the first symbolic acts was the ceremonial defacement of the papal ring, ensuring it could no longer be used. A nine-day period of mourning known as the Novemdiales followed, during which cardinals began arriving in Rome.
A total of 133 cardinal electors — all under the age of 80 — were eligible to participate in the upcoming conclave. In the days leading up to the vote, the cardinals met in general congregations to reflect on the needs of the Church and prepare logistically. These meetings also gave rise to discussions on the qualities required in the next pope.
Security was a paramount concern. The Domus Sanctae Marthae, a Vatican guesthouse, was prepared to house the cardinals. Meanwhile, the Sistine Chapel was thoroughly inspected and sealed off from any external contact, with electronic measures implemented to prevent any breach of confidentiality.
Beginning of the Conclave
On May 7, the conclave formally commenced. That morning, the cardinal electors attended a special Mass asking for divine guidance in choosing a new leader. Later in the day, they processed into the Sistine Chapel in a solemn, ritualistic entry. Once inside, they swore an oath of secrecy and fidelity to the conclave’s rules. With the proclamation of “Extra omnes,” meaning “all out,” the doors were locked and the electors began the sacred task of selecting the 267th pope.
Voting procedures followed the regulations laid out in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis. Each day allowed for up to four ballots — two in the morning and two in the afternoon — until a candidate received at least two-thirds of the vote (89 of 133 votes).
The Election Process and Factions Within
The initial vote that evening was inconclusive, and the appearance of black smoke from the chapel chimney confirmed no one had reached the threshold. On the following day, two further rounds in the morning also failed to produce a winner.
These early results hinted at differing visions among the cardinals. Some favored continuing the pastoral approach associated with Pope Francis, emphasizing social justice and openness. Others sought a leader who would strengthen doctrinal clarity and uphold more traditional theological stances.
By the fourth ballot on the afternoon of May 8, a consensus had emerged around Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost. An American-born Augustinian and former bishop in Peru, Prevost had recently served as Prefect of the Dicastery for Bishops. Known for his spiritual depth, cross-cultural sensitivity, and calm leadership style, he garnered the required number of votes. Upon accepting the role, he chose the name Leo XIV.
Proclamation of the New Pope
The successful election was signaled to the public by the white smoke rising from the Sistine Chapel, followed by the ringing of bells at St. Peter’s Basilica. A short time later, Cardinal Jean-Claude Hollerich appeared on the balcony and declared, “We have a pope,” officially introducing the new pontiff to the world.
Pope Leo XIV then addressed the faithful for the first time. He offered words of unity and hope and gave the traditional first blessing “to the city and the world.” His calm demeanor and emphasis on listening and mercy resonated with many observers.
Meaning Behind His Chosen Name
The name Leo XIV carried symbolic significance. Historians and theologians immediately connected it to Pope Leo XIII, remembered for his 1891 encyclical on workers’ rights and the moral responsibilities of economic systems. By adopting this name, Leo XIV may be signaling a desire to address modern social challenges with thoughtful engagement rooted in Church tradition.
His election also represented a balance between differing groups within the Church. Though not regarded as overtly reformist, Leo XIV shared many of the values associated with Francis’s papacy, particularly a focus on compassion, clerical accountability, and missionary outreach.
Reactions from Around the World
Global responses were largely positive. Bishops and lay leaders across Latin America praised Leo XIV’s knowledge of their region and his pastoral work among diverse communities. Many in Europe and North America noted his administrative experience and theological insight. Vatican observers suggested that his leadership style — methodical and consultative — could prove vital during a time of transformation.
He takes office at a time of great responsibility. Challenges lie ahead, including declining Mass attendance in parts of the Western world, ongoing debates about inclusivity and Church roles, and the need to restore trust following past scandals. Whether he will advance structural reform or concentrate on spiritual renewal remains to be seen.
Conclusion
While the 2025 conclave did not fail in electing a pope, it did reflect the serious debates and transitions underway in the Catholic Church. In choosing Pope Leo XIV, the College of Cardinals selected a leader positioned to guide the faithful with steadiness and grace. His background, spiritual character, and cross-cultural perspective offer a foundation on which to build a future that is both rooted in tradition and responsive to the modern world.
As the Church embarks on this new chapter, the eyes of millions remain fixed on Leo XIV, hoping he can reconcile internal divisions and revitalize the global mission of Catholicism in the years to come.
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